New Delhi: Spread over 135 acres with 900 homes and 16 community parks is Nirvana Country, a housing society in Haryana’s Gurugram (erstwhile Gurgaon). In the last seven years, the Nirvana Country has kept thousands of kilos of waste away from landfills. It all started in 2015 when Nirvana Country decided to manage their waste at source. This is when the government norms on solid waste management were not strictly implemented. Ashish Agarwal, President, Resident Welfare Association, Nirvana Country says, “We realised, as a community we should be concerned about our waste going to the landfills.” And that’s how they set on a journey of waste management by segregating waste at source.
Also Read: Solid Waste Management In India: The Great Garbage Challenge
Explaining the process, Chitra Agarwal, a resident of Nirvana Country said,
We segregate waste into three categories. The first is green waste that includes kitchen waste. It is composted within the society premises and used in our 16 parks. The second category is of recyclable waste. This is typically the stuff that you would give to a Kabadiwala (waste dealer) like cardboard boxes and metal. The third category is of sanitary or hazardous waste. The waste is collected from the doorstep in segregated manner. Apart from this, we also have a weekly collection of low value plastic which goes for recycling; e-waste and glass waste is also collected regularly.
What helped the Nirvana country in managing its waste was segregation at source, something that was mandated in 2016, after Solid Waste Management Rules came into existence.
On April 8, 2016 the Ministry Of Environment, Forest and Climate Change notified the Solid Waste Management Rules 2016 to lay a solid framework for scientific waste management of waste across urban settlements. The SWM Rules 2016 replaced the Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000, which had been in place for the past 16 years. These rules are the sixth category of waste management rules brought out by the ministry. The other five categories are plastic, e-waste, bio-medical, hazardous, and construction and demolition waste management rules.
Calling SWM rules 2016 “landmark rules”, Swati Sambyal, Independent Waste and Circular Economy Expert said,
Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules of 2000 called for collection and disposal which means they were more landfill centric. Whereas, SWM Rules 2016, the present policy, shifted the entire focus from collection and disposal to segregation, waste minimisation, setting up of holistic waste management systems and keeping landfill a last resort.
Also Read: Solid Waste Management In India: The Challenge Of Growing Mountains Of Garbage – Landfills
To Whom Do The SWM Rules 2016 Apply?
SWM rules are applicable beyond municipal areas and include urban agglomerations, census towns, notified areas and industrial townships, areas under the control of Indian Railways, airports, airbases, Ports and harbours, defence establishments, state and Central government organisations, special economic zones, places of pilgrims, among others. This is the reason the word ‘municipal’ has been omitted.
The waste generators who are to abide by these rules include:
– Every household
– Event organisers
– Street vendors
– Resident Welfare Associations and Market Associations
– Gated community having an area of more than 5000 square metre
– Hotels and restaurants
What Are The Key Duties Of Waste Generators?
– Segregate waste into three categories – bio-degradable (kitchen waste), non-bio-degradable (plastic, metal, wood) and domestic hazardous waste (paint drums, pesticide cans, CFL bulbs, tube lights) – before handing it over to authorised waste pickers or waste collectors.
Importantly, construction and demolition waste needs to be stored separately and disposed of according to Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016. Similarly, the horticulture or garden waste needs to be discarded as per the directions of the local body.
Also Read: A Road To Garbage-Free City: How Can Cities Manage Their Waste In A Sustainable Manner
– All Resident Welfare and Market Associations, gated communities and institutions with an area of more than 5,000 square metre and all hotels and restaurants are responsible for segregating waste at the source and facilitating the collection of segregated waste in separate streams. While recyclable material needs to be given to either the authorised waste pickers or recyclers, the bio‐degradable waste shall be processed, treated and disposed of through composting or bio‐methanation (converting organic waste into biogas) within the premises as far as possible. The waste generators in this category can give residual waste to the waste collectors.
Collection And Disposal Of Sanitary Waste
Sanitary waste includes diapers, sanitary pads, tampons, and condoms. As per the rules, manufacturers of sanitary napkins and diapers shall explore the possibility of using all recyclable materials in their products or they shall provide a pouch or wrapper for disposal of each napkin or diaper along with the packet of their sanitary products. Along with this, brand owners shall educate the masses on the wrapping and disposal of their products.
For people using sanitary products, SWM Rules, 2016 advise securely wrapping the used product and putting it under the non-biodegradable category.
Inclusion Of Informal Waste Collectors
The rules call to set-up material recovery facilities or secondary storage facilities where non-compostable solid waste can be temporarily stored to facilitate segregation, sorting and recovery of recyclable products. Recyclables include paper, plastic, metal, glass, textile and others.
For this, the SWM rules recommend leveraging the strength of the informal sector of waste pickers and recyclers who are involved in sorting, selling and purchase of recyclable materials. Through this provision, the aim was to make rag pickers and waste dealers or Kabadiwalas, part of the formal system.
Promotion Of Waste-To-Energy Plant
For the management of non‐recyclable waste having calorific value (amount of heat or energy produced when waste is burnt) of 1500 K/cal/kg or more, SWM Rules advise against disposing it on landfills. Instead, such kind of waste should be utilised for generating energy, or by giving away as feedstock for preparing refuse derived fuel. It can also be used for co-processing in cement or thermal power plants.
Waste Processing And Landfilling
The SWM Rules, 2016 mandates:
– setting up solid waste processing facilities by all local bodies having a population of 1 lakh or more within two years.
– census towns and local bodies with a population less than 1 lakh have to set-up a common or stand-alone sanitary landfill within three years. Also, common, or regional sanitary landfills will have to be set up by all local bodies and census towns with a population under 0.5 million within the timespan of three years.
– bio‐remediation or capping of old and abandoned dumpsites within five years. Bio-remediation or capping involves treating organic waste and spreading the remaining waste uniformly, over the land. It is then covered with a geo-textile layer, a geo-membrane and one-metre of soil so that grass can be grown on it.
As per the new rules, the landfill site should be 100 metres away from a river, 200 metres from a pond, 500 metres away from highways, habitations, public parks and water supply wells and 20 km away from airports or airbase. The guidelines recommend that the construction of landfills on hills should be avoided.
Also Read: Living In The Shadows Of Asia’s Largest Garbage Mountain, The Ghazipur Landfill
User Fee And Spot Fines
Waste generators will have to pay a user fee to waste collectors or local bodies for solid waste collection, transportation, processing and disposal services. The local authorities can decide the user fee and also spot fine for people who litter or fail to comply with the Solid Waste Management Rules 2016.
Extended Producer Responsibility
SWM Rules 2016 introduced ‘extended producer responsibility’ and made producers of packaging products such as plastic, tin, glass and corrugated boxes responsible for their environmentally sound management.
All such brand owners who sell or market their products in non-biodegradable packaging material have to put in place a system to collect back the packaging waste generated due to their production.
Implementation Of SWM Rules 2016
The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) is responsible for overall monitoring of the implementation of Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 in the country. When the rules were laid, it was pronounced that MoEFCC shall constitute a Central Monitoring Committee under the Chairmanship of Secretary, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.
The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) is responsible to coordinate with the State Pollution Control Boards and the Pollution Control Committees for the implementation of these rules. The CPCB is also supposed to prepare an annual report on the implementation of these rules on the basis of reports received from State Pollution Control Boards and Committees.
Also Read: Swachh India: Guide To Solid Waste Management Rules 2016
The Roadblocks In Effective Implementation Of SWM Rules 2016
It has been six years since SWM Rules 2016 came into existence and even today, the effective implementation of these rules appear like a far-fetched dream. For instance, bio-remediation or capping of old and abandoned dumpsites had to be done within five years but mountains of garbage can be seen in the national capital Delhi. In fact, India’s oldest and largest dumping ground – Deonar in Mumbai – which started in 1927 is still operational.
When asked about the reason behind the poor implementation of SWM Rules 2016, Swati Sambyal, Independent Waste and Circular Economy Expert said,
The implementation of these rules has been lagging across cities in the country. It depends a lot upon the political will, the administrative will and also whether you have been able to stitch together various stakeholders, especially citizens to a waste management system that you set up for a city.
Talking more about the obstacles and the possible solutions, Sourabh Manuja, a Delhi-based Waste Management Specialist said,
There are multiple challenges, starting from the capacities of urban local body officials to skilled officers who can handle this environmental engineering subject effectively. Each city needs a dedicated solid waste management cell with appropriately qualified and trained professionals who come with varied backgrounds ranging from social works, science, engineering, and public health. Waste management audits to understand the challenges in the implementation of SWM Rules are equally important, for the administration to take appropriate corrective actions.
All the experts, team Banega Swasth India interviewed, said the key to addressing India’s waste challenges is source segregation. Without that, everything that follows will fail. For instance, to function well, even a waste-to-energy plant requires segregated waste. Ms Sambyal adds,
Segregation at the source is the first step. However, we also need to ensure that there are systems to collect segregated waste. People might be segregating at the source but if that waste gets mixed up during collection or secondary transportation, then all the efforts become futile.
Chitra Mukherjee, Consultant, Waste and Sustainable Livelihood said,
We need to understand, that we cannot get rid of waste or landfills until and unless we start source segregation, which is also one of the mandates and one of the first rules of solid waste management rules. A landfill will still be required but firstly, we need to build it in a scientific way and secondly, only inert waste should go to landfills. Even in the waste management pyramid, the top options are reusing and recycling. Landfills and waste-to-energy plants are the last options.
NDTV – Dettol have been working towards a clean and healthy India since 2014 via the Banega Swachh India initiative, which is helmed by Campaign Ambassador Amitabh Bachchan. The campaign aims to highlight the inter-dependency of humans and the environment, and of humans on one another with the focus on One Health, One Planet, One Future – Leaving No One Behind. It stresses on the need to take care of, and consider, everyone’s health in India – especially vulnerable communities – the LGBTQ population, indigenous people, India’s different tribes, ethnic and linguistic minorities, people with disabilities, migrants, geographically remote populations, gender and sexual minorities. In wake of the current COVID-19 pandemic, the need for WASH (Water, Sanitation and Hygiene) is reaffirmed as handwashing is one of the ways to prevent Coronavirus infection and other diseases. The campaign will continue to raise awareness on the same along with focussing on the importance of nutrition and healthcare for women and children, fight malnutrition, mental wellbeing, self care, science and health, adolescent health & gender awareness. Along with the health of people, the campaign has realised the need to also take care of the health of the eco-system. Our environment is fragile due to human activity, which is not only over-exploiting available resources, but also generating immense pollution as a result of using and extracting those resources. The imbalance has also led to immense biodiversity loss that has caused one of the biggest threats to human survival – climate change. It has now been described as a “code red for humanity.” The campaign will continue to cover issues like air pollution, waste management, plastic ban, manual scavenging and sanitation workers and menstrual hygiene. Banega Swasth India will also be taking forward the dream of Swasth Bharat, the campaign feels that only a Swachh or clean India where toilets are used and open defecation free (ODF) status achieved as part of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2014, can eradicate diseases like diahorrea and the country can become a Swasth or healthy India.
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